Description

This all-white product contains natural fibers, nicotine and water water, stabilizers and flavourings.

Weight: 11 grams Pouch 0,4 Grams

Flavour Description: Menthol

Nicotine Level: 35 mg/g

Available in single cans, rolls (10 cans)

在北京时间9月11日的新闻中，根据KTVU媒体的报道，一份最新的研究报告指出，自2019年以来，金州勇士队的主场大通中心已经为旧金山市的经济带来了超过42亿美元的收入。

报告显示，场馆举办的活动直接带来了超过29亿美元的收入，包括住宿、交通、购物和餐饮等方面。

该场馆举办了400场不同的活动，包括体育赛事、音乐会和喜剧表演，吸引了近500万人次前来观看。

大通中心于 2019 年9月6日开业至今，可容纳18000名观众。

With supply chains interrupted and demand for products decreasing, the coronavirus pandemic is hitting the manufacturing industry hard. And because several countries are still months away from controlling their local COVID-19 situation, it could be a while before business gets back to normal.

But that doesn’t mean the rapid manufacturing world will sit idly by during these strange times. In fact, many on-demand manufacturing services are already being used in the fight against the virus, providing inventive solutions to common problems.

From 3D printed face shields to CNC machined sneeze guards, here are some of the ways rapid manufacturing is helping to fight COVID-19.

3D printed medical face shields

3D printing is one of the fastest and most accessible forms of manufacturing, and businesses and individuals around the world are looking for ways to use 3D printers to help combat the novel coronavirus.

Although there are some doubts over 3D printing’s capacity to fabricate critical medical components, one reasonably safe application of additive manufacturing is the printing of plastic face shields for medical professionals.

With doctors and nurses currently struggling to obtain the protective gear they desperately need during the pandemic, the global “maker” community has started 3D printing protective face shields which protect the wearer’s face from coughs and sneezes. The shields can even be used by service workers such as grocery store cashiers.

3D printer manufacturer Prusa 3D has developed one version of an open-source face shield, which can be downloaded and printed by anyone. The single-use mask consists of a 3D printable headband and chin band, which can be attached to a piece of clear, laser-cut plexiglass that functions as the shield.

“Reach out to institutions in your local area and ask them if they could use some additional protective wear,” Prusa says. “You could offer your help to all those who now have to stay in the service or be in contact with many other people in the time of crisis.”

Major 3D printing companies have joined the cause to produce face shields during the COVID-19 pandemic. To date, market leader Stratasys has received requests for more than 350,000 units.

CNC machined sneeze guards

If you live in an area affected by the coronavirus, you may have noticed stores installing temporary sneeze guards at checkouts. These transparent guards function as a barrier between the customer and the cashier, reducing the chances of one infecting the other through coughing or sneezing.

Unfortunately, many shops do not have access to well-made sneeze guards. Some are simply hanging cling wrap or other clear materials they have lying around.

CNC machining can be used to fabricate better sneeze guards for store checkouts. Using a clear material like PMMA, a machinist can cut a large screen with threads for screws. The guard can then be affixed to a checkout area, desk or kiosk window to provide a safe barrier between customer and cashier.

Guards can also be used for other purposes, such as covering fresh food or other products that will be served to a customer.

Because sneeze guards are very simple designs, machine shops have the capacity to fabricate multiple units in a short period of time.

3D printed ventilator components

A lack of potentially life-saving ventilation equipment has hampered the fight against COVID-19, but additive manufacturing offers a potential solution to supply chain problems.

In particular, professional 3D printers and medically safe materials could be used to print small items like valves and adapters, which connect a ventilator machine to a patient’s face mask, allowing them to breathe freely.

Although 3D printer users have been keen to use their expertise to print ventilator components, there is some hesitation over the safety of doing so. In general, the printing of critical medical components should be handled by experienced professionals.

Many 3D printed ventilator components, designed recently to address the global pandemic, are currently awaiting approval from regulators.

CNC machined / sheet metal door openers

A recent study from the US National Institutes of Health found that the novel coronavirus can last for two to three days on a stainless steel surface, which makes objects like door handles a potential danger.

Since it is not always possible to disinfect a door handle immediately after using it — or, indeed, to wash your hands — some businesses and building managers are turning to solutions such as foot-operated door openers.

Foot-operated door openers allow people to pull open a door using the sole of their shoe, nullifying the threat of manual virus transmission.

The devices are small metal protrusions that can be screwed to the lower section of a door. A spiked or grippy surface on the upper plane allows the user to grip the device with their shoe, then pull the door towards them using only their foot.

These door openers can be fabricated in different ways. CNC machines are one option since they can cut the kind of durable metal required, but sheet metal fabrication equipment may be the best solution.

Most foot-operated door openers consist of a single piece of metal bent into an L shape or asymmetrical U shape, with one face screwed to the door and the other(s) functioning as the “handle.” A brake, a kind of sheet metal forming machine, can be used to make the appropriate bends in the sheet metal.

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What is the cost of injection molding? This is a commonly asked question by people wondering about adopting this technology.

Injection molding is a popular manufacturing process for creating many parts and components. As such, learning about the costs of producing an injection molded part is vital before considering this process for your manufacturing operation.

This article examines the costs of injection molding. Understanding the factors that influence these costs will help you estimate your injection molding project costs.

After reading this guide, you can evaluate the exact manufacturing costs that injection molding will require for your particular requirements.

Let us get into the heart of the matter right away and answer the question: how much does injection molding cost?

What are the Different Factors that Influence the Cost of Injection Molding?

The base cost of an injection mold is not a fixed number that will be the same for every application. It is a varying value that can fall between a couple of hundred to hundreds of thousands of dollars.

This is a very wide price bracket. The exact value fluctuates based on several components involved in the injection molding process. These factors that influence the cost are:

Equipment

The upfront cost of equipment for injection molding can vary greatly depending on its type and application.

There is small-scale injection molding equipment that businesses keep in-house. Then there are large injection molding machines typically used by service providers and those in the large-scale manufacturing industry with large production volumes.

Professional industrial injection molding equipment costs between $50,000 and $200,000. There may also be shipping costs involved. These machines are not for hobbyists and amateurs as they require skilled operators.

This is, no doubt, a big expense for any business. Therefore, most manufacturers outsource the injection molding process to experts like 3ERP with high-end injection molding machinery. Outsourcing makes injection molding a cost-effective option, in which the client can source the lowest cost for the part required and minimize the variable costs of production.

Mold (Tooling) Costs

While the molding equipment is a one-time investment, creating the mold and mold base for the part costs money. It is an expense for every different part produced. Therefore, tooling costs are one of the most important driving factors for injection molding.

This cost can vary based on the process used to create the molds. Usually, three processes are employed for this purpose:

CNC Machining

CNC machining is usually employed for metal molds. A stainless steel mold or an aluminum mold would be typical. For example, machining an aluminum mold uses cutting tools to remove material from an aluminum block. This method of machining creates aluminum molds with unmatchable preciseness.

CNC machining has a little drawback in terms of the machine cycle for making molds. These machines require setup time for the tooling and changing the tools for different cut shapes.

Electrical Discharge Machining

Electrical Discharge Machining is also known as EDM. This technology is utilized for creating molds with intricate shapes. It is accomplished by using electrical discharges to melt and bend the metal workpiece and give it the desired shape.

Just like CNC machining, EDM also has high accuracy. However, while CNC machining can be used for materials other than metals, EDM is only suitable for metal molds.

3D Printing

3D printing is one of the cheapest and fastest ways of making molds for injection molding. This process requires nothing but a 3D printer, so the expense is considerably less. Additionally, there is no need for skilled operators, saving labor costs.

Injected Material

Plastic injection molding offers a certain degree of versatility concerning the plastics you can use as the injection material. Some examples include ABS, PU, PE, PP, and PC.

The cost of material for plastic resin pellets used in the injection molding process is from $1 per kg to $5 per kg. The final cost of injected material will depend on the amount used, which, in turn depends on the design required.

Other materials that can be injected are different metals and liquid silicone.

Design Complexity

Highly complex designs with more cavities and high mold polish result in extra costs. Such designs require research, development, and technical expertise. For this purpose, you can hire a professional or outsource the design process. Both options incur expenses.

Labor Costs

Most steps involved in injection molding are automated and run by software systems. For instance, CNC machines are run by Computer Numerical Controlled software, 3D printers run on their own software, and injection molding also has automated processing.

However, there are some typical labor costs, as listed below:

Setup Costs: There are specific setup requirements for every step of injection molding. For instance, when making the molds, some setup of tooling is required. And setting up the mold and configuring the equipment during injection molding all involve an operator’s time.

Repair Costs: Injection molding is a mechanical process requiring multiple types of equipment. Therefore, there are bound to be repair and maintenance processes that result in expenses.

Operator Costs: Regardless of the self-regulated machinery used, an operator must oversee the process. The cost of the operator is something to factor into the labor costs.

Type of Injection Molds

There are three different types of injection molds, based on the number of mold cavities. These are:

Single Cavity Mold

Single cavity molds have one cavity inside. So they make one part per cycle time. While the cost of the mold is less, the production rate of parts is slower. This leads to higher part costs.

Multi Cavity Molds

Multi cavity molds have multiple cavities inside, so they can make more than one part simultaneously. Although this type of mold has a higher initial cost, it leads to significantly lower part costs. It is a cost-effective solution for large quantities.

Family Injection Molds

Family injection molds also have multiple cavities inside them. However, the part cavities are for different parts, so a family mold can simultaneously create different shapes of injection molded parts.

For example, you can manufacture the top and bottom ends for a plastic container in a single-family cavity injection mold. This type of mold cavitation is a more expensive option in terms of mold cost. But they make the overall production process faster and cheaper.

Type of Molding Processes

There are three different injection molding processes. These are:

Basic Injection Molding

This is the simplest type of injection molding process. The plastic is injected directly into the mold cavities to create the final piece. Of the three different molding processes, this one has the lowest cost.

Insert Molding

This is a little more complex process than basic injection molding. It involves positioning metal inserts in the mold. Once the metal inserts are in position, the plastic injection molding takes place.

This process creates plastic parts with metal inserts fused directly into them. An example of this is the metal fasteners that you see inserted in plastic components.

The process results in a final assembly with greater strength than mechanically fixing the plastic and metal parts together.

Overmolding

Overmolding is also a little more complex than basic injection molding. In overmolding, an initial part is created using injection molding, let us say Part 1. Then, Part 1 is placed inside another mold, and another plastic injection molding process takes place.

The second process creates Part 2, which contains Part 1. This process is similar to insert molding, with the difference that, instead of a metal insert, both parts are created with plastic injection molding.

An example of this is the soft rubber grip that you see embedded into plastic and rubber products, such as toothbrushes.

Other variables that impact the Injection Mold Cost

Part Variables

The size and design of the part will considerably affect the cost. Large injection molded parts require greater material costs and larger molds. Similarly, complex designs may require a multi-step molding process.

Part Features

The features of the final product also impact the injection mold cost. If the product has complex features, these might require small components made by a separate injection molding process. One way to lower costs is to eliminate unnecessary features during the design stage.

Production Volume

You might have seen that manufacturing costs per part become less when the production takes place in large quantities. The same idea holds true for injection molding as well.

When you are fulfilling a large production volume, you will require a corresponding large number of molds. However, the cost of the molds does not increase linearly. For example, if the cost of a mold is $1 per part for 100 parts, the cost for 5000 parts can be about $0.5 per part, and for 100,000 molds it can be $0.25 per part.

Similarly, the labor costs per part also decrease for larger production volumes. While the final cost of production increases for higher production volumes, you will incur significantly lower per part expenses.

Secondary Services

If the manufacturer needs additional services such as polishing or secondary finishing for the product, these represent an extra expense. While it is not a part of the injection molding cost, the service provider might consider it an added cost.

Injection Molding Cost Overview

To get a better understanding of the plastic injection molding costs for a part for different production volumes, let’s examine a typical case.

Low Production Volume

Low volume production can be considered anything between a hundred to a couple of thousand parts. For these low-volume applications, manufacturers usually produce the molds in-house and do the molding themselves.

For low production quantities, manufacturers create molds of 3D printed polymer resin since it is cheap and doesn’t have to go through a long production cycle.

The entire production run for this volume takes about 3 days to manufacture the finished parts. For a 100-part run, let us assume the following parameters:

• Number of Parts = 100
• Cost of the mold = $100
• Cost of Raw Material per part = $0.5
• Total Cost of Materials = $50
• Labor Cost Per Part = $3
• Total Labor Cost = $300
• Total Cost of Injection Molded Process = $450

Cost per part = $4.5

Medium Volume Production

Medium volume production can range between five thousand to tens of thousands of parts. For this production scale, manufacturers usually outsource the mold production and molding processes.

For medium-volume, let’s assume a 5,000 unit volume cycle of the same part.

• Number of Parts = 5,000
• Cost of the Mold = $2500
• Cost of Material per part = $0.5
• Total Cost of Materials = $2500
• Labor Cost Per Part = $2
• Total Labor Cost = $10,000
• Total Injection Molding Cost = $15,000

Cost per part = $3

Large Volume Production

Large volume production deals with hundreds of thousands of parts. For this comparison, let us assume we are producing 100,000 parts of the same type.

• Number of Parts = 100,000
• Cost of the Mold = $25,000
• Cost of Material Per Part = $0.5
• Total Cost of Materials = $50,000
• Labor Cost Per Part = $1
• Total Labor Cost = $100,000
• Total Injection Molding Cost = $175,000

Cost Per Part = $1.75

As you can see, the injection molding costs per part decrease significantly for high-volume production. Therefore, high-volume projects have the best cost-effectiveness for injection molding costs.

How To Reduce Injection Molding Costs?

Injection molding is the preferred manufacturing process due to its cost-effectiveness and high reliability.

While the process is cheap compared to its alternatives, you can further reduce the costs. For that purpose, here are some pointers that you need to take into account:

Optimizing the CAD Design

A single part can be approached through different CAD designs. However, not every design idea is ideal. Some designs for the same part may lead to time and resource wastage. Therefore, simplifying part complexity through efficient CAD design ensures the best utilization of resources.

Simplifying Features

Complex features can call for complex molds and extra steps in the injection molding process. Therefore, eliminating unnecessary features results in a lower cost for injection molds.

In this regard, you can eliminate any features that are just for the sake of cosmetic finishes. This will end up saving money.

Reducing Part Size

Bigger parts are not always better parts. When the size of the parts increases, so does the expense of injection molds required for the parts. If the same process can be accomplished by reducing the part size, it is a good idea to opt for it.

Reusing Molds

Make full use of the molds by reusing them for various applications. You can not only use the same mold for the same part but also for similar parts as well. This can be done by making adjustments or mold mods wherever possible.

Leveraging Insert Molds

Using technologies like insert injection molding and overmolding helps save costs in the long run. For instance, insert molding eliminates the need to create threads on the plastic for attaching it to metal parts.

Using DFM Analysis

DFM stands for Design For Manufacturing. DFM in injection molding refers to producing a part that serves the purpose of the customer and is within their stipulated budget.

For DFM, analysts consider several factors based on art, science, and technology to find the most efficient design, resulting in reduced injection mold costs.

Using Multi Cavity Molds and Family Molds

Multi-cavity molds and family molds allow you to multiply the production rate and reduce the cycle time. This can reduce the cost of the entire operation by a significant margin, especially in medium to large production runs.

Self Mating Parts

This is one of the most creative ways to save money on injection molds and simplify the design. Self-mating parts are the parts that attach to themselves when rotated 180 degrees.

The benefit of self-mating parts is that you can use a single half mold to create the entire part. It keeps the cost of the mold low, and the plastic injection mold size is half. This method increases the volume of production.

As stated in the plastic injection molds cost overview, higher volume means lower costs per part. This, combined with savings in mold size and number of molds, lead to significant savings in the final plastic injection mold costs.

Getting Injection Molding Quote For Cheapest Price and Best Quality

Now that you know the various costs associated with injection molding, one vital question remains unanswered. What will be the cost of injection molding for my project?

Generally speaking, to get an injection mold cost quote, you need to choose the manufacturer who can provide you with the best results at the cheapest rates. 3ERP is your answer in this regard.

3ERP provides every injection molding service you might require, from low-cost injection molding to mass production parts. There are even material options, such as thermoplastic, thermoset silicone, and metal injection molding.

Many established brands such as BMW, Lamborghini, and Electrolux already use the injection molding services offered by 3ERP.

The best thing is that you get your parts made by a world-class team of engineers using the most advanced equipment, without bearing any of the costs for the same.

The injection mold cost of 3ERP will come as an exact quote that matches your precise requirements. Therefore, you will not be paying extra for something you do not require.

Get in touch with 3ERP today to get an injection molding quote for your project. Whether it is a simple injection molding project or something that deals with inserts or overmolding, we handle it all!

Conclusion

Injection molding is one of the most widely applied manufacturing processes nowadays. Every day, you see and touch multiple parts created by this process, like bottle caps and plastic handles.

After reading this article, you now have a better idea about the plastic injection molding cost and how it varies from project to project. You even know about the cost variations that occur due to the injection mold cost and injection mold tooling cost.

Are you considering using injection molding service for your next project? Then send a query to 3ERP at our contact email, and our team will reach out to you with the best price available for your requirements.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Is injection molding expensive?

Not at all. Injection molding is one of the cheapest manufacturing processes. Even so, you can still lower the injection molding costs per molding cycle by following the tips suggested in this guide.

Which mold material is the best for injection molding?

Every injection molding material has its specific benefits. The perfect material for your injection mold will depend on your requirements and budget constraints.

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What is a bracket? In short, a bracket is an intermediate component used to fix one thing (like a shelf) to another (like a wall). It may be thought of a kind of fastener, but this is somewhat misleading: actual fasteners like screws are used to connect the bracket to the other parts.

In addition to creating a connection between two parts, a bracket may provide support. Some brackets, such as gusset brackets, are designed with a diagonal section that reduces the strain on the bracket and allows it to support heavier loads.

One of the easiest and most cost-effective ways to make brackets, especially simple ones like angle brackets, is sheet metal fabrication. Brackets typically consist of two or more planes connected along one edge, and often to simplest way to fabricate this kind of object is to bend a flat object (i.e. a piece of sheet metal) in two or more places: the simplest example would be adding a 90° bend to a flat rectangle with a straight profile, turning it into a bracket with an L-shaped profile.

But how do you go about creating a sheet metal bracket? 3ERP has years of expertise in sheet metal prototyping, and this guide explains the basics of sheet metal brackets, including common bracket types, bracket design tips, and the best sheet metal bracket materials.

What are brackets and how are brackets used?

Brackets are connecting devices used to join two objects. In architecture, they may be made of wood or stone and used to join walls with features like parapets or eaves. In engineering, however, they are often made of sheet metal and used to support objects like shelving, countertops, flooring, sections of furniture, and mounted televisions.

Although there are many types of brackets, they are most commonly L-shaped, with the vertical section of the bracket attached to a wall (or another large upright structure) and the horizontal section attached to a smaller object being fitted to the wall, such as a shelf.

Brackets often have holes in them, either threaded or unthreaded, so that screws or other fasteners can be fed through them, but this is not a defining feature of the bracket.

Most brackets are functional, with their purpose being to connect and support objects. However, brackets can also be decorative: since brackets are often visible (such as on shelves mounted above eye level) they may have cosmetic features and flourishes, from intricately machined decorative features to gold plating.

How are brackets made?

Brackets can be made in various ways, such as casting or CNC machining. However, the best way to make simple brackets is sheet metal fabrication.

One of the most common sheet metal processes is bending, in which a machine called a brake is used to bend sheet metal to an angle up to 120°. This is perhaps the most important process when making sheet metal brackets, since virtually all brackets incorporate at least one bend.

Other sheet metal processes must also be used. Before any bending takes place, the sheet metal must be cut to size using a machine such as a laser cutter or plasma cutter. A punching machine may be used to make holes in the bracket (for screws), and welding may be required to add gussets or other features.

In addition to sheet metal processes described above, CNC machining may be used to add more complex features to brackets, especially with custom designs for nonstandard components.

Best materials for sheet metal brackets

Brackets can be made from a variety of metals, depending on certain factors, including: the load it must support, cosmetic requirements, surface finishing requirements, minimum and maximum thickness, required bending angles, and budget for manufacturing.

Possible sheet metal bracket materials include:

• Steel
• Stainless steel
• Aluminum
• Brass

Common types of bracket

There are several bracket types that can be made using sheet metal fabrication and other processes. Bracket varieties vary depending on the application and the objects they are designed to support.

L-Bracket

An L-bracket is one of the most common bracket types. As the name suggests, it has an L-shaped profile after being bent along a single axis, usually creating a 90° angle.

L-brackets are used in many applications where a horizontal object (e.g. a shelf) needs mounting to a vertical object (e.g. a wall).

U-Bracket

A U-bracket is another type of bracket. Unlike an L-bracket, a U-bracket is bent along two axes, forming a U-shaped profile. 

U-brackets can be used to grip an object between its two flanges, or to mount two parallel horizontal objects one above the other.

Z-Bracket

A Z-bracket is another bracket type that incorporates two bends. However, unlike a U-bracket, in which both bends are made on the same face of the sheet metal, a Z-bracket bends one flange inwards and the other outwards, making a Z-shaped profile.

Z-brackets can be used to mount parallel surfaces that are offset from one another.

Gusset Bracket

A gusset bracket is a type of bracket supported with extra material to improve its strength and load-bearing capacity. It is like an L-bracket but with an extra triangular section of material between the vertical and horizontal sections.

Gussets can either be welded onto the bracket, or included within a single piece: if the latter, the horizontal and vertical faces of the bracket are bent from the edges of the triangle.

Designing sheet metal brackets

Sheet metal brackets can be designed in any good CAD software, but it is important to keep a few things in mind while creating a design.

L-shaped brackets are usually designed with a 90° angle, but manufacturers can create different angles (up to 120°) if instructed to do so. Bear in mind, however, that less ductile metals and thicker gauges are harder to bend and cannot accommodate extreme angles.

While L-brackets are easy to form with a brake, U-brackets and Z-brackets require more preparation. A brake will not be able to make the second bend in a bracket if one flange is long enough to interfere with the brake’s clamping bar. The parallel sections of a U or Z bracket should therefore be as short as possible.

An important feature of metal brackets is the holes for fasteners. While wooden or plastic brackets might simply be drilled through at the point of mounting, metal brackets should have dedicated holes. Decide what size of fastener you will use when designing the bracket, and adjust the diameter of the holes accordingly. Threaded (tapped) holes may be required if a nut cannot be used.

Welded sections can be indicated in the bracket design but will incur additional cost from the manufacturer. Consider whether the part can be made from a single piece of metal before adding welded elements.

Any machined elements, including holes, will incur additional expense, but remember that machining opens up greater design possibilities for nonstandard shapes and decorative touches.

3ERP is a prototyping and low-volume production specialist with expertise in sheet metal and machining. Contact us for a free quote on your next order of brackets.

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Feb
21

The National Fastener Distributors Association (NFDA) has awarded six scholarships for Fastener Training Week, an advanced fastener technical training program produced by the Fastener Training Institute.

• Alexander Broadworth, Mid-States Bolt & Screw (Flint, Michigan)
• Dan Fordham, NSK Industries (Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio)
• Danette Gralfs, Empire Bolt & Screw (Spokane, Washington)
• Megan Somers, Mid-States Bolt & Screw (Flint, Michigan)
• Chris Trifari, Fastener Supply Company (Charlotte, North Carolina)

Applicants were evaluated based on the recommendation from their employer, personal achievements, work experience, and an essay. Identifying information was redacted, so that the team evaluating the applications did not know the names or employers of those applying.

The next deadline to apply for an NFDA Fastener Training Week scholarship is June 1. The application can be found at nfda-fastener.org/FTIScholarship

For more information about Fastener Training Week, visit www.fastenertraining.org

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　　随着“双减”落地，在推行德智体美劳五育并举的过程中，美育也愈发受到各界的重视。

　　于个人，美育有助于陶冶情操、提升审美趣味，温润心灵之余，也有助于激发个人的创新创造活力。那么，于国家和城市，美术教育又承担着怎样的责任？该有怎样的社会担当？

　　近日在刘海粟美术馆举办的“中国现代美术教育文脉大展”，展现了170年来近现代中国美术教育的深厚历史人文底蕴，同时也引发了业界对新时代的美术教育发展的思考。作为展览的学术主持、策展人，上海大学上海美术学院副院长李超日前接受本报记者专访时表示，未来的美术教育应致力于构建社会美育公共服务体系，以更好滋养和塑造民族灵魂，蕴含全新的国家文化竞争力。同时，高等教育要提升美术学、设计学、艺术学理论等学科发展，优化专业布局，培育“后浪”梯队人才。

　　美育的社会服务使命，应从“配角”转变为“主角”

　　文汇报：当前，美育的价值越来越受重视，您认为，今天的社会需要怎样的专业美术教育？

　　答：一直以来，中国美术教育承担着经典传承、文化创新和社会服务的使命。当今，美术教育的供求关系、外部需求、国际国内竞争环境及资源条件等，都发生了明显变化。尤为值得重视的是，如今，专业美术教育需要与时俱进，让社会服务这一使命从“配角”成为“主角”。

　　简言之，美术教育要更好地服务社会美育、滋养与塑造民族灵魂，从而真正承担起“为人民、为艺术、为生活、为城市”的社会担当。具体来说，具备相关艺术资源整合和转化的可能性；以相关学术成果服务艺术创作和社会美育的应用性；以前所未有的学术担当体现“上海学派”的前瞻性。

　　上海是中国近现代美术教育的发祥地，并作为“新兴艺术策源地”的教学集群及文化生态，海纳百川，承前启后，滋养并影响着中国近现代的美术教育演变与发展，成为世界近现代艺术史上重要的历史篇章，蕴育了“国际都市艺术中国坐标”的珍贵学术资源。

　　对标国家发展需求，上海大学上海美术学院赓续百年历史文脉，秉持“创新性发展海派文化，创意性提升上海人文”的使命，为服务上海国际化城市文化发展作出应有贡献与担当。

　　文汇报：为什么要格外强调美术教育服务社会这一使命？历史上，引领社会美育的价值主要体现在哪些方面？

　　答：步入新时代，美育的宗旨不仅在于培养每一个人的审美趣味、满足公众的精神文化需求，更重要的是，对于一座城市乃至一个国家来说，美育应与进步的文化思想理念相结合，成为打通学校、社会和家庭的桥梁，涵养民族精神、塑造民族品格的灯塔，有力推动整个社会的进步。

　　从历史角度而言，170年前，发轫于上海土山湾画馆的中国近现代美术教育，在新文化运动的发展过程中，起到不容忽视的推进作用。正如蔡元培先生提出的“纯粹之美育，所以陶养吾人之感情，使有高尚纯洁之习惯”。

　　1912年，刘海粟、汪亚尘、乌始光创办上海图画美术院（1921年更名为上海美术专科学校），开创了美术教育和美术革命的先河。刘海粟东渡日本考察后，先后在《日本之帝展》、《日本新美术的新印象》等文章著作中作了详细的分析与总结，并对上海图画美术院进行了全面的改革，引进东京美术学校的办学模式，扩大学校规模，希望构建一所培养真正意义上的现代艺术家的美术学校。其教学方法不再是传统画派中的师徒相传，也不仅仅限于技巧的学习，而是建立在现代人文与科学教育之上，通过学习大师表现自我的独特个性。

　　上海美专是当时美术教育的一个缩影。上海现代美术教育集群以土山湾“陶冶之人物”为主线，是中国近代“最早办美术学校的人”，以李叔同、周湘、徐咏青、张聿光、丁悚等先驱名辈为代表。之后徐悲鸿、林风眠、刘海粟等先贤大家，为中国现代美术发展作出重要探索及贡献。

　　另一重要的影响在于人才培植效应。上海现代美术教育集群为20世纪中国美术输送大量优秀人才，其中一部分是现当代中国美术的领导决策者，如徐悲鸿、吴作人、颜文樑、王琦、蔡若虹、王式廓、阳太阳、杨秋人、许幸之、王临乙、江丰、莫朴、乌叔养、黄镇、张望、黄新波、谢海燕、陈烟桥、胡考、程十发等；另一部分是中国现当代美术的学术引领者，如滕固、庞薰琴、吴大羽、方干民、倪贻德、王济远、潘玉良、常玉、张书旂、诸闻韵、温肇桐、王兰若、李骆公等。

　　此外，还产生了“历史转型效应”。清末同治年代，土山湾初始将美术教育纳入世界交流的版图；清末民初师范学堂图画手工科的设立促进了近代中国美术教育体系的建构；20世纪20年代以后南北地区公立与私立美术专科学校的成立，推动了中国现代美术教育在学科体系方面的全方位深化；抗战时期的美术教育又使得中国现代美术形成了新的国家形象；新中国成立以后院系调整，使得中国美术教育出现了新的历史格局；改革开放以来，中国美术教育在经典传承、文化创新和社会服务方面，又打开了新的发展局面。

　　170年来，历代美术教育名家为艺术救国、艺术兴国和艺术强国，呈现了独特的人文品格和家国情怀。正是通过这些名家的作品和教材，以及不断完善的中国美术教育体系，共同构成了美育中国的百年生动历程。

　　在与社会的接洽中，满足大众对艺术“破墙”的更多期待

　　文汇报：当今的高等院校美术教育力量，应以何种形式参与城市和国家的发展呢？

　　答：正如本次展览所呈现的，中国现代美术教育的历史文脉始终与中国社会发展息息相关，证明了中国美术教育始终与国家发展同向同行。

　　上海美术学院积极为国际都市艺术发展贡献创新资源的力量，继续为上海城市文化建设和中国美术教育事业发展贡献力量，体现美术教育所蕴藏的文化竞争力。

　　比如，上海美术学院师生团队参与了上海多个地铁站的设计和空间改造，将本土的传统文化资源以全新的艺术灵感，打造公共艺术环境。又如，在南昌路等历史街区更新中，学院师生通过精心设计，将包括林风眠故居等人文元素更好地融入市民的日常生活。还有正在建设的上海美术学院宝武校区，后工业遗址经过现代艺术理念改造后将成为艺术院校，今后，这里不仅是新海派艺术的实践基地，拓展创意产业，还将探索更多面向公众的艺术打开方式。

　　文汇报：社会对于艺术教育的需求其实非常大，从艺术培训机构的火热就可见一斑。那么，高校在这方面应有哪些作为？

　　答：确实，满足大众对于艺术“打破围墙”的期待，需要学院派的专业教育打通更多的社会化通道，以全新的无界限理念，更多地介入城市生态。尤其随着数字化转型，通过家庭、学校、社会教育相结合的方式，让社会美育更多地以润物细无声的方式浸润大众生活。

　　针对学龄前的幼儿、中小学校的青少年、年轻人以及老年人，要将美育纳入公共服务，高校能做的其实很多。目前，有的大学和社区合作，拓展艺术教育惠民课程和活动，鼓励市民参加艺术活动。此外，也有一些高校和艺术类场馆合作，定期或不定期举办各类面向公众开放的展览等。比如，本次大展就得到了刘海粟美术馆的大力支持，提供了整个场馆1-6号所有展厅，以及各类藏品互通有无。

　　同时，高校也积极发挥专业优势，上海美术学院正在打磨的一门《美育中国》通识课程，涉及美术、设计、书法、艺术理论等内容，未来也有望走出校园，惠及更多对艺术感兴趣的人群。

　　文汇报：当前艺术院校、综合性大学对美术人才的培养，能否满足以上这些社会需求和期望呢？

　　答：美术教育是关乎立德树人的百年大计。更好地服务社会美育，还需要培养更多“一专多能”的跨界人才。美育不是一个学科的事情，需要和所有学科联动，加强专业后的学习。

　　在平时的教学中，我们一直强调培养学生动手能力，这有助于培养他们的创造性思维。具体来说，专业美术教学不能仅仅停留在技能层面，如何深入浅出地提供公众美育服务，同样是学科发展需要重视的方向，也是专业教学改革的导向。学生无论在中国画、油画还是雕塑等专业，学好专业技能是基础部分，还有更深层次的创造性思维和培根铸魂的塑造。

　　除了上好专业课，今天的专业美术教育，要更注重艺术与社会的接洽。在上海美术学院，我们为学生精心延伸了“第二课堂”。比如，开展“文脉行走课程”，每年带领学生深入现场，包括参与艺术场馆的办展策展、走进社区进行艺术教育推广、深度考察江南文化等，以丰富的形式落实现场教学和科研活动。

　　这次大展中，我们也精选了百年来致力民族灵魂滋养与塑造的大先生们的50幅精选原作，通过油画、水彩画、水粉画、中国画、书法、素描、图案等作品的生动展陈，结合艺术学、美术与书法、设计学、建筑学等学科建设百年经典成果，形成学院教学课程的延伸，成为相关专业教学的“第二课堂”。

　　数字化转型，为公众艺术教育拓展新空间

　　文汇报：艺术专业的毕业生中，能真正成为专职艺术家的并不多，那么他们的出路在哪里？未来，哪些领域的艺术人才比较紧缺？

　　答：从近几年毕业生的就业来看，去向比较广泛。随着社会的发展，对跨界创意人才的需求会越来越大。从现实需求来看，有几个方向尚有不小的潜力，值得有兴趣的青年学子关注。

　　目前，我国从事艺术品修复、文献修复的人才非常稀缺，相关行业需求旺盛。这需要高校优化专业结构，加强专业教育。

　　就我个人所知，目前不少艺术行业机构的相关管理人才大多是转行而来，而艺术管理是新兴方向，不少单位求贤若渴。比如盈利性和非盈利性的场馆如何经营，如何策展办展、进行公共艺术教育、组织国际交流等；又如，画廊需要一些专业领域的人才，能在培育艺术家后一并将其作品推向市场等，这些都需要系统学习。

　　专职面向社会美育的人才也十分缺乏。有别于一般培训机构，这些人才除了要具备一定的艺术专业技能，其美育素养更为重要，这也是为做好下一代的美育工作进行师资储备。此外，中小学校的美术教师也需要进行职后培训，开发设置更合理的课程体系，减轻应试带来的影响，真正培养从小向美向善的下一代。

　　文汇报：放眼未来，数字化转型为艺术教育带来哪些影响？

　　答：正如本次展览中专门设置的“数字体验”环节，数字化转型为公众艺术教育拓展了新空间，也对高校的专业教学和科研提出了新要求。由上海美术学院建设的“近现代艺术数据库”，精选170本稀缺教材作为数字体验重点，并以沉浸式的方式展陈中国现代美术教育文脉内涵等。这些成果由学院“都市艺术资本”工作室成员与数码系师生合作，现场沉浸式演绎相关文献数据编程、采集的过程，全程呈现相关教学、科研成果转化内涵。此外，目前我们正在推进的“滕固图书馆”数字化，也加大了各专业的参与和协同。

　　以展促教，充分实现对相关专业教学的反哺作用。同时，社会美育在当代数字转型的战略发展中，还需要学院派更进一步地思考与努力。中国美术教育的未来发展，已成为世界教育发展的重要组成部分。藉此大展，思考我们从哪里来，到哪里去。面向未来，中国美术教育应该向世界呈现“上海学派”的答卷。“上海学派”作为“新海派”的理论体系，正在于围绕城市文化竞争力，进行当代国际艺术经济一体化趋势中所形成核心文化竞争力的前沿研究；在于建构艺术教育所含经典传承之力、文化创新之力、社会服务之力、学术引领之力相合相成的战略发展体系，以此履行“国际都市艺术中国坐标”的建设使命。

责任编辑：王风

本教程适用版本：WPS 365 点击免费使用

在使用Excel表格编辑文字内容时，有时候出会出字数太多，无法全部显示在一个单元格内，这样就不便于快速查看完整的数据资料，那在Excel合并单元格后要如何换行呢？

接下来，小编跟大家讲解操作方法，新建一张Excel工作表格，在A1:A3全并单元格内输入“合并单元格后如何换行”，会发现默认显示的文字是没有换行的格式，如图所示：

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想要把这个格式设置成换行格式，首先选中合并单元格，然后右键选择设置单元格格式，如图所示：

>>免费升级到企业版，赠超大存储空间

在弹出的设置单元格格式窗口，点击“对齐”—在文本控制下方勾选“自动换行”，然后按回车键或者点确定即可，操作如下：

>>免费升级到企业版，赠超大存储空间

回到表格中，可以看到文字自动换行并居中显示，如下：

>>免费升级到企业版，赠超大存储空间

如果我们想控制换行的文字，也可以让选中合并单元格，将光标放在想要换行的文字后面，按下alt+enter键，这样就可以自定义换行，（强制换行的内容不会因单元格列宽的大小而改变），如下：

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以上就是WPS办公中，Excel合并单元格后如何换行的方法，是不是很简单？你学会了么？

Oct
30

We were shocked and saddened to learn last week that Joe Greenslade passed away suddenly on Wednesday, October 23.

Service Details

Saturday, November 2, 2019
12:00 Noon
Unity Church of Fort Worth
5051 Trail Lake Drive #2045
Ft. Worth, TX  76133

In lieu of flowers, the family is asking that donations be made to Joe’s project at Paschal High School, www.paschalpantherhero.org.

Joe served as IFI’s Technical Director from 2007 until 2015. He was a fastener industry icon and highly respected and admired. Joe had a refreshing “can do” approach, an ability to build consensus, a knack for simple solutions, and a gentle, kind and jovial personality that endeared him to all. Joe thoroughly enjoyed working in the fastener industry and was always fully committed to completing anything he set out to accomplish. 

Joe held a BA in business management from Texas A&M University. He began his 45-year fastener career in 1970 working for various fastener manufacturers, including CAMCAR-Textron and Rockford Headed Products, before founding Greenslade and Company in 1978, a designer and manufacturer of dimensional inspection devices and a calibration laboratory. He sold the company in 2007 and started to work for the IFI. Joe retired from IFI in 2015 when Salim Brahimi took over as Technical Director.  Joe stayed on as a special consultant to IFI, maintaining the upkeep of the IFI Technology Connection software that he had developed and is relied upon by many companies today.

In 2016, Joe, was awarded the IFI Soaring Eagle Service Award for his outstanding leadership and contributions to the fastener industry. That same year, he received the Fred F. Weingruber Award from ASTM International Committee F16 on Fasteners for his outstanding contributions to the development of ASTM Fastener standards. An ASTM member since 1994, Joe worked on multiple F16 subcommittees, as well as on Committees A01 and B08. Outside ASTM, Joe was a member of ASME Committees B1 and B18, ISO Committee TC2, the Research Council on Structural Connections (RCSC) and SAE Fastener Committees. Joe authored more than 200 trade journal articles. He was a member of the Public Law Task Force for the U.S. Fastener Quality Act and the Screw Thread Conformance Task Force for the revision of aerospace thread design and thread gaging practices for the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration and Department of Defense. He was also an A2LA board member. Joe held 12 U.S. patents on fastener-related products and was a member of the NIFS Hall of Fame.

In retirement, Joe spent much of his time giving back to his community, notably by volunteering in local schools to advise and guide kids from under privileged families, helping them stay in school and putting them on productive career paths.

Joe Greenslade is survived by his wife of 27 years, Lillian (Hale) Greenslade, and his children Joseph Jr., Heather Greenslade and his step daughter Jennifer Vance, and grandchildren.

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本教程适用版本：WPS 365 点击免费使用

用Excel编辑表格时，经常会进行数据录入，但是人工在录入数据过程中会出现错误，我们可以使用Excel中的一些功能来预防输错数据。

我们需要录入联系人的手机号码，一般手机号码为11位，为了防止我们漏输或多输位数，我们可以进行如下设置。

首先，选中需要设置的单元格：

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然后，我们点击菜单【数据】，选择【有效性】，点击【设置单元格格式】菜单：

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第三步，在【设置】选项卡中，将【允许】选择文本长度，【数据】选择等于，【数值】填写11：

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第四步，点击【出错警告】选项卡，写上【标题】和【错误信息】，进行提示：

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最后，我们来验证下，当我们输入不足11位手机号码的时候，系统报错，我们收到提示后当下即可进行更改：

>>免费升级到企业版，赠超大存储空间

至此，如何预防输错数据就完成了。数据有效性的功能重点在根据需求进行设置，看起来是不是很简单，大家学会了吗？