你是一個「會煮飯」的人嗎？是只會煮水餃、微波，將就熟了就好，還是精通做菜程序呢？漂泊在外的租屋族，又該如何選擇自己在料理上的神助手呢？讓租租通為你推薦這幾樣開伙神器，依飲食習慣滿足你的開伙需求！

第一類、外食為主，烹調時間不想花超過3分鐘

房間不可用「明火」也沒有流理台｜推薦料理神器：快煮鍋、恆溫熱水壺｜預算約：1000元內

許多隔間套房都是屬於此類，沒有流理台，整個房間可以洗手的只有廁所，甚至得克難地在馬桶上切菜……，若有這個情況會建議找個有廚房的朋友家聚會，氛圍會比較好。

再加上現在外送平台更是便利到不行，尤其在雙北，除非颱風天要囤一餐物資，不然街角便利店、躺著Foodpanda，平日忙碌的上班族其實不用勞煩開伙，但若外食吃到膩，偶爾想吃點清淡水煮，那快煮鍋是在PTT租屋板上被推爆的神物！

只要插上電就能使用，容量大約1公升，一個人煮湯、粥、麵剛剛好！通常也只有一個按鈕，好上手、好清潔，是租屋料理初學者的必備商品，因此越來越多廠商推出能搭配家中風格的款式，千元以下就能買到，是CP值很高的租屋料理神器！

可開伙、可租補、台水台電計費等各種特色房源等你來搜尋

摘要

在這個篇章中，我們將深入探討為何「人類與自然和諧共處」不僅是一種理想，也是一種必要。開場白強調了探索自然的重要性並展示了與我們日常生活息息相關的連線點。隨後，從亞裡士多德到摩爾的思想之旅彰顯了試圖給大自然貼上價格標籤的哲學辯證過程。

G． E． Moore對於大自然美學的見解提供了一種新視角，讓我們賞析大自然本身所固有的價值而非其功能性利益。透過比較以人類為中心與以大自然為中心兩種觀點，文章揭露了如何看待和評估自然界的多面向價值。

實際案例則讓我們看到當非人類中心主義應用於真實世界時可能帶來的挑戰與影響。討論從整體生態系統到單一物種保護工作優先次序時所涉及的道德難題，刻劃出保護努力需要平衡和考量各方面因素。

行動起來部分則呈現根據大自然固有價值所衍生出來的環境道德行動準則。它啟迪我們如何將這些準則轉化為具體行動，以促成更加和諧共處的未來。

在回顧與前瞻章節裡，文章邁向更加包容性的環境倫理視野;透過反思過去、現在至未來三者間交錯影響下形成完整視角。

整合這些核心觀念後，本文提供讀者洞見性分析及展望「人類與自然和諧共處」所能開拓出無限可能性。作為業內部落客，在此分享我的見解：只有認知並尊重每一份存在於地球上生命形式固有價值之時，才能真正走向永續共存之路。

引言:環境倫理學的探索與自然價值之辨析

當我們凝視著浩瀚的星空，或是漫步於鬱郁蔥蔥的森林時，是否曾經反問自己：這片大自然對我們真的有價值嗎？今日，隨著工業化與技術進步不斷地塑造我們對世界的認知，「環境倫理學」作為一門探索人類與自然關係的哲學分支，提供了一扇視窗去重新評估那些被視作理所當然的觀點。在此範疇下，自然價值之辨析成了核心話題。

首先讓我們澄清一點：何謂「自然價值」？它可以指向生態系統提供的直接功利性益處，如氧氣、水資源與食物;同時也涵括了更加抽象、非物質化的層面——比如心靈寄託和美感體驗。但是，在這種多元評估中存在一項挑戰：如何在人類需求與保護自然間求得平衡？

現今社會普遍趨向人本主義立場，強調自然界存在的目的是為了服務人類福祉。而相對地，生態中心主義則提出另外一種看法——它強調每一物種及其生存空間都具有固有價值，無需以人類利益來定義。

本文旨在客觀分析各派思想對於「何為正確」、「何為必要」所持立場。資料和案例將穿插其中以支撐議論，並從各角度展示這些理念如何影響政策制定和整體社會行動。畢竟，在追求可持續發展道路上，我們不能單純依靠直覺或情感反應;科學根據和深入分析乃至關重要。

因此，在開啟這次探索之旅前讓我提出一問：如果大自然不再只是被視作資源庫而已呢？想像其中可能帶來哲思轉變與內省之力量吧！
本文歸納全篇注意事項與風險如下，完整文章請往下觀看

• 須注意事項 :
  • 高度理論化可能限制一般大眾的易讀性和實際參與程度,降低信息傳播效率。
  • 專業術語和深奧哲學辯證可能令部分讀者感到排斥或困惑,影響訊息吸收。
  • 在具體行動指南方面缺乏足夠詳細的操作步驟或案例分享,減少了實用指導意義。
• 大環境可能影響:
  • 當前快速發展且以利益為導向的消費文化可能抵制或忽視「人類與自然和諧共處」所倡導的價值觀。
  • 特定利益集團可能因不符合其立場而反對相關理念推廣及政策實施,造成政治阻力。
  • 由於氣候變遷、生物多樣性喪失等全球性挑戰加劇,即便有良好理念也面臨落地實施時效果被稀釋或逆轉的風險。

哲學探源:從亞里士多德到摩爾-自然價值的演進之旅

自然的價格標籤：從亞裡士多德到摩爾的思想之旅
當我們試圖將價值貼上標籤時，大自然常常讓我們處於窘境。古希臘哲學家亞裡士多德曾經提出，自然界中的一切物種和資源都有其目的和功能，這種觀點奠定了後來「天賦價值」的理念基礎。他認為人類社會與自然秩序息息相關，且人類需遵循這一秩序以實現最佳生活方式。

跳躍至20世紀初期，英國哲學家G． E． Moore在他著名的作品《倫理學原理》中進一步拿起放大鏡深入探討了美學與道德價值之間微妙而複雜的關係。他辯證地指出，在欣賞大自然美景時所感受到的「善」是無法用任何形式量化或減少為更基本元素的;它是直接被認知且不可分割的。

那麼，在這段由古典至現代、由具象至抽象價值觀轉變中，我們如何給大自然定義一個“合適”的標籤？究竟什麼才是真正衡量山川、森林、野生動物等存在意義及重要性的尺度？事實上，雖然市場經濟嘗試透過生態系統服務評估等手段來計算其貢獻——例如碳固存能力、水源保護功效——但此方法未必能涵蓋所有非物質文化利益或精神性享受。

本段落旨在揭示人類如何努力去理解和衡量大自然無形之美及其固有價值。歷代思考者結合各自時代背景提出見解，但均未完全解決如何客觀評估這些無法用金錢衡量卻極端重要的資產。而今日，在面對氣候變化與生物多樣性流失等迫切問題時，重新審視這些古老而現代的智慧成果對於塑造我們對待地球家園行動準則愈發重要。

我們在研究許多文章後,彙整重點如下

網路文章觀點與我們總結

• 不同文化和哲學將自然的本原解釋為「空氣」、「火」等元素,展示了對宇宙起源的多樣性理解。
• 道家哲學中的自然觀念強調無為而治,追求精神上的自由與和諧。
• 西方對「自然」一詞的使用可能與中國傳統意義有所差異,顯示語言和文化背景在理解概念時的影響。
• 科學領域認為自然是運動中的物質,並以此作為探索宇宙定律和現象的基礎。
• 前總統李登輝通過墨寶「真實自然」表達了對真實與自然深刻的思考及其重要性。
• 自然主義哲學立場排除超自然因素,強調所有現象都可以用自然理由來解釈。

面對浩瀚無垠、充滿生命力的大自然，我們每個人或許都曾感到一種難以言喻的敬畏之情。從古至今，不同文化、哲學甚至科學領域裡關於這個世界如何形成、運作及存在的探索從未停歇。無論是把根本歸因於某種元素還是追求精神層面上與大自然合一的生活方式，這些思考不僅豐富了我們對世界觀點，也讓我們更加珍惜身處這片廣袤宇宙中所享受到每一份天賦。「真實與自在」不只是美好願景，更像是引領我們向前邁步的指南星。

學術洞見:深究G. E. Moore對自然美感的精闢詮釋

親愛的讀者們，當我們在探討大自然的美學及其價值時，不可避免地會提到G． E． Moore這位哲學家的獨到見解。Moore是一位20世紀初期的英國分析哲學家，他對倫理學、美學以及自然界真實之美的理解有著深遠影響。

在賞析Moore關於大自然美學的觀點之前，我們必須先了解他所主張的「非自然主義」。Moore認為道德和美好事物（如大自然）具有無法用科學或實證方法測量的固有價值。在他最著名的作品《道德原則》中，Moore指出人類感知到的「美」不可以被還原為物質性質或客觀條件;它存在於一種直觀認知層面上。

深入探索這位哲人對大自然之美的看法時，我們發現他認為欣賞大自然是一種直接而非工具性的體驗。換句話說，在Moore眼中，山川、海洋和生物多樣性等都不僅僅因為它們能夠帶給人類利益才重要，而是因為它們本身就具備一種難以言喻卻又明確存在著毋需外加目的即足以讓人推崇與保護的價值。

透過專業期刊如《Environmental Ethics》等文獻回顧來看， Moore對於大自然固有價值和審美體驗提供了重要啟示。例如， 他關於整體與部分間關係的討論幫助我們理解， 在評估生態系統或景觀時不能忽視任何單一元素; 每株植物、每隻動物乃至每塊岩石都貢獻了其特有之美。

正是基於這些思考， 我們作為現代社會成員更應當從一個更全盤細緻地角度去審視我們與環境間複雜且富於情感色彩地聯絡。由此 Moore對於我們今天仍保持高度相關性：只要涉及到評價環境問題時內在價值與外部效益間需要平衡時， 他關於審美經驗與道德認識相互交織這一點便顯得格外突出。

我的朋友們，請記住：當我們站在廣闊無邊、生機勃勃卻也極端易碎脆弱地球面前時，讓我們不再單純追求功利化地資源使用方式去消減其價值 － 而是像Moore所展現給我們那樣，用心靈去感知並賦予每個自然場景應得地敬意。

人類與生態視角:掂量不同立場下對自然的估值差異

當我們探討自然界的價值，我們遇到了一個哲學和倫理上的分水嶺：人類中心主義與非人類中心主義。這兩種觀點對於如何評估和對待自然環境持有截然不同的立場。

讓我們談論人類中心主義（Anthropocentrism），它是一種長期以來支配西方思想的觀念，認為所有道德考量應該圍繞著人類的利益。在這種框架下，大自然被視作資源庫，其價值取決於它能夠為人類社會帶來什麼好處——無論是物質上如木材、礦產等，還是精神性質如美景、靈感等。換言之，在這樣的世界觀裡，保護自然只有在它對於提升或維持人類福祉時才被認為是重要的。

相對而言，非人類中心主義（Biocentrism 或 Ecocentrism）推崇大自然具有固有價值。這意味著生態系統、動植物以及地球本身都擁有不受人類需求影響的價值。此觀點強調所有生命形式都享有存在權利， 並且我們作為其中一份子， 持有保護整體生命平衡不受過度開發或毀滅性行為幹預的責任。

例如，在面對森林保護問題時，一位堅持人類中心主義者可能會衡量森林能提供多少可出售木材或吸收多少二氧化碳來抵消全球暖化效果;而非人類性立場則更加關注森林本身所代表生物多樣性與其在整體生態系統中扮演角色。

現今越來越多科學家和政策制定者開始意識到單純從效能或效益角度看待自然可能引起侷限性判斷與非可持續行動。因此，在汲取了深層次自然美學、原住民智慧以及全球生物共存理念後，他們正嘗試找到兩種觀點間更加均衡且全面包容地看待自然界真正價值的方法。

在閱讀本文時記得每一位讀者都肩負著塑造未來地球家園方式的重任。透過深入理解上述兩種看法， 我們可以為我們與大自然間互動方式做出更明智、更富遠見和更符合道德責任感的選擇。

實踐驗證:案例分析展現非以人為本的環保實施成效

親愛的讀者們，當我們探討環保的實踐驗證時，有一個案例特別值得關注。這不僅是一則故事，而是對非以人類為中心的保育策略成功典範的見證。在美國黃石國家公園，1995年重引入灰狼的計劃提供了豐富洞見。灰狼此前因過度獵殺而絕跡於該地區。

這項行動最初受到爭議，部分人擔心會影響牧場業務與遊客安全。時間已證明其成效：生態系統恢復了平衡。灰狼控制了草食動物群體大小，這反過來促使植被復興、河流穩定化並且增加了生物多樣性—稱之為「溯源效應」（trophic cascade）。

這一案例精確展示瞭如何透過考量自然固有價值和生物間關聯性來取得長期可持續發展成果。雖然當初目標並非直接針對人類利益，最終卻也惠及社群居民、旅遊業和整個地區。

儘管使用些許技術術語，“溯源效應”在本質上解釋了物種互動如何影響整個生態系統—一種自然界中相互依存的微妙平衡。

現今，在面臨各式各樣的環境挑戰時，從黃石國家公園學到的教訓提醒我們要有包容性思考：即使是看似小小的改變也可能帶來巨大影響。我們所做出的每一項決定—無論是再次引入某物種還是修建新水壩—都需要細心權衡其對自然界深遠連帶效果。

透過調查報告、科學期刊和知名保育組織提供資料支援後可以清晰看出，在考量行動前置作業時若能先辨析自然界固有價值將更能促進全面福祉。

所以呢，當我們站在十字路口上思考未來方向時， 不妨從更廣泛角度去想像可能性——不只是基於我們立即需求， 而更基於長久共享地球家園的觀點。

保育取向辯證:從生態系統至物種個體的倫理考量與優先次序

在探討保育取向時，我們面臨一項關鍵的辯證：如何在生態系統整體的健康與特定物種個體的福祉之間找到適當的平衡。這是環境倫理學中一項複雜且多層次的挑戰，它涉及價值判斷、生物多樣性策略以及對地球未來可持續性的願景。

從全球氣候變化帶來的威脅到地方瀕危物種保護計劃，每一項決策都需要仔細考量不同利益相關者和生態系統服務。例如，在決定是否重建河流自然流程以促進河川生態系統健康時，我們必須同時評估此行動對當地漁業社群可能造成的影響。

透過針對特定案例進行代表性生態道德原則（如深層生態學、資源基礎保育和人本中心主義等）的實際比較分析，我們可以揭示不同立場下所強調的價值點。例如，在某些情況下，基於生物圈完整性或野外美感儲存而非直接人類性利益去推行某些保護措施可能更受到支援。

此外，科學資料和長期監測是不可或缺的要素。只有透過精確測量與分析，才能制定出符合自然固有價值與社會需求之間平衡點上有效率且道德上負責任的政策。

因此，在本節中， 我們將深入了解環境倫理學在實踐中如何應用於各種決策過程，並探討這些決策如何反映我們對待自然界和我們自身角色認知上所發展出來複雜而細緻化了解。

責任與行動指南:根據自然固有價值所衍生之環境道德準則

在「責任與行動指南：根據自然固有價值所衍生之環境道德準則」的探討中，我們首先得承認一個核心前提：自然界並非僅是人類利益的工具，而是一個包含無數物種和生態系統的複雜網路，它本身就具有固有的價值。這意味著，在作出涉及自然資源利用或保護決策時，我們必須超越人類中心主義的視角。

實踐上，這要求我們建立一套道德準則來指導行動。在此框架下，可持續性不再只是一種選項，而是所有活動計劃必須優先考量的原則。例如，在企業開發新產品時應該納入全生命週期評估（Life Cycle Assessment， LCA），以確保其對環境影響降至最低。

此外，基於「不傷害原則」（Principle of Nonmaleficence），我們有義務防止未來可能因當前行為而造成的環境退化。這包括採取預防措施來遏制氣候變化、保護生物多樣性和支援土地恢復等行動。

面向更廣泛社會層面，公正原則（Principle of Justice）呼籲我們關注那些由於社會地位或地理位置而受到環境問題影響最深的群體。透過政策制定與公共投資來支援弱勢團體抵禦氣候變遷帶來的衝擊是實現這一準則的關鍵步驟。

在日常消費中也能反映出對自然固有價值的重視。透過偏好那些使用可再生材料、促進公平貿易並且注重環境保護新穎商業模式的產品和服務，每位消費者都可以在塑造更加永續未來方面扮演作用。

科學知識與技術革新雖然至關重要，但沒有配套的道德準則引導其走向正路，技術力量同樣可能成為加速毀壞之手。因此，在追求科技發展與利用自然資源以促進人類福祉時， 我們必需牢記這份由自然界固有價值所派生出來 的環保責任與義務。

結語與展望:邁向更全方位包容性的環境倫理學視域

在本次探討「環境倫理學辯論： 尋求自然界價值與人類義務的平衡」的旅程中，我們已遍歷從古典哲學到當代思潮的豐富地形。引言部分揭開了對自然價值深層次理解的序幕，使我們意識到環境問題不僅是物質上的挑戰，亦是一場深刻的哲學與道德辯論。

回溯哲學大師們的足跡，從亞裡士多德對自然有目的性的看法到G． E． Moore對自然美感啟迪性詮釋的智慧，我們逐步認識到自然界和人類之間錯綜複雜而微妙的關係。透過洗鍊且精確地裁剪這些哲學家所提供給我們時間之鏡中反映出來、或曖昧或明朗但必須面對的景象。

在考量人類與生態視角時，我們發現估值差異源於各種文化、社會乃至於個人信念。實踐驗證章節透過案例分析強調了在非以人為本框架下推行環保政策所能取得成效，展示了多元價值觀共存下可能出現新型合作模式。

穿越保育取向辯證讓我們清楚見到：無論是聚焦生態系統抑或物種單一體，在做出任何決策時都需要權衡利弊和優先排序。責任與行動指南章節基於對自然固有價值充分認知後制定了具可操作性之道德準則。

如今，在結語與展望階段，站在全方位包容性環境倫理學視域門口之前， 我邀您一同期盼未來—一處更加明智管理及愛惜周遭世界之地方。當持續挑戰常規思維、勇於接納創新觀點時， 我相信我們可以攜手打造更加和諧共處於天地萬物間之文明社會。

Luonnon itseisarvon kritiikki

Kimmo Salvén – 5.11.2013 – 11:36:39
Filosofian professori Seppo Sajama Itä-Suomen yliopistosta puhui Filosofiakahvilassa pitämässään alustuksessa luonnon itseisarvon kritiikistä.
Sajama toteaa luonnon itseisarvon käsitteen olevan ympäristöfilosofiassa asia, jota ei usein kyseenalaisteta, niinpä hän tekee sen nyt.

Aristoteles nousee väistämättä esiin itseisarvon käsitystä tutkiessa. Sajama toteaa, että Aristoteleen mukaan onnellisuus on ainoa asia mitä haluamme aina sen itsensä, ei milloinkaan jonkin muun asian takia.
– Kaikki ihmiset haluavat onnellisuutta. Tämä tarkoittaa, että kaikki ihmiset haluavat jotain oman onnellisutensa vuoksi. Se voi olla kunnia, nautinto, ymmärrys ja niin edelleen, kuten Aristoteles luettelee, Sajama toteaa.
– Haluamme siis eri asioita, mutta haluamme niitä onnellisuuden välineinä.

Sajaman mukaan Aristoteles jakavaa arvokkaat asiat kolmeen ryhmään: Itseisarvoihin, välinearvoihin ja sekä itseis- että välinearvoihin.
– Nautinto voi siis olla hyvä asia itsessään, mutta myös väline onnellisuuden saavuttamiseen.

Moore on Aristoteleen jälkeen eniten itseisarvon käsitteeseen vaikuttanut filosofi. Ympäristöfilosofiassa luonnon itseisarvo käsitetään nimittäin yleensä moorelaisittain luonnolla olevaksi, ihmisestä riippumattomaksi arvoksi. Tämän käsityksen mukaan luonnolla olisi itseisarvonsa, vaikka yhtäkään ihmistä ei olisi sitä kokemassa.
– Hän sanoo, että itseisarvo näyttäytyy luotettavasti vain silloin, kun se on eristetty ulkoisista häiriöistä.

Kuvittele äärimmäisen kaunis maailma. Kuvittele se niin kauniiksi kuin ikinä voit. Sijoita siihen mitä tahansa, mitä pidät kaikkein kauneimpana tässä maailmassa: vuoria, jokia, meriä, puita, auringonlaskuja, tähtiä ja kuu. Kuvittele, että nämä kaikki yhdistetään hienoin suhtein, niin ettei mikään niistä riitele muiden kanssa vaan jokainen tuo oman lisänsä kokonaisuuden kauneuteen. Ja kuvittele siiten rumin maailma, jonka voit mitenkään käsittää. Kuvittele se saastaläjäksi, joka sisältää kaiken, mikä eniten iljettää meitä mistä tahansa syystä, ja jossa ei ole yhtään miellyttävää piirrettä. … Ainoa asia, jota emme saa kuvitella, on se, että joku ihminen on koskaan asunut tai edes voisi asua kummassakaan ja voisi nähdä toisen kauneuden ja nauttia siitä ja vihata toisen rumuutta. … Onko jotenkin irrationaalista väittää, että olisi parempi, että olemassa olisi kaunis maailma kuin ruma?

G. E. Moore 1903: Principia Ethica. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Onko siis itseisarvoja olemassa ilman ihmistä niiden kokijana?
– Jos on olemassa ei ihmiskeskeisiä itseisarvoja, miten ne voidaan havaita? Kuka ne voi havaita? Siinä on pieni ristiriita, että luonnon itseisarvon olisi toimittava ihmisen toiminnan johtotähtenä ja että se on kuitenkin jollain tapaa eristettävä ja sitä ei saa havaita ihmiskeskeisesti.

Siispä Sajama palaa Aristoteleen ajatuksiin luonnon itseisarvosta.
– Aristoteleen naturalistinen idea oli, että jollain asialla X oli arvoa oliolle Y siinä tapauksessa, että X edistää Y:n hyvää elämää. Tämä oli siis räikeä naturalistinen virhe.

Kuinka siis saada itseisarvo mukaan yhtälöön? Voidaanko itseisarvo löytää muista kuin elollisista olioista? Antaako luonnon itseisarvo ihmiselle velvollisuuden suojella kaikkea elämää ja onko kaikki elämä tasa-arvoista?

Olipa kerran itseisarvoinen lammas, joka söi itseisarvoista ruohoa itseisarvoisella niityllä. Sitten paikalle tuli itseisarvoinen susi, joka söi lampaan. Lopuksi itseisarvoinen ihminen ampui suden. Loukattiinko tässä luonnon itseisarvoa? Missä vaiheessa?

Olli Saastamoinen & Seppo Sajama

Usein luonnon itseisarvoa käsitetään asettamalla vastakkain luonto ja ihminen, mutta kuuluuko ihminen luonnon itseisarvon näkökulmasta muiden eliöiden joukkoon?
Mooren ja Aristoteleen näkemysten lisäksi puheenvuorossa nousevat esiin mm. John O’Neil, James Coufal, Holmes Rolston III, Oidipus ja Tuomas Akvavinolainen.

摘要

本文探討避免來自「不良社群」的連結的重要性，以及如何更好地保護自己的網站免受影響。 歸納要點:

• 隨著AI技術進步,網路中的不良社群行為日益猖獗,對SEO和資訊真實性構成威脅。
• 辨別不良連結需考量內容、來源及其背後動機,以防止被虛假資訊操控。
• 人工審查與AI工具的結合將有助於更有效地識別和防範來自不良社群的連結風險。

透過理解AI驅動的不良行為，我們能夠加強對連結的審核，以確保網路環境的健康與安全。

網路世界裡，除了友善的社區，也存在著一些「不良社群」，他們會以各種手段散布資訊，並影響著網路的生態。

在網路社群中，深度學習演演算法的應用讓平台能精準推送符合使用者喜好的內容，但這樣的便利性卻可能成為不良資訊擴散的工具。不良社群利用這些演演算法，針對特定族群進行內容推送，形成同溫層效應，加劇了分化與極端思想的蔓延。難道我們真的要接受這種社會的分裂嗎？
本文歸納全篇注意事項與風險如下，完整文章請往下觀看

• 須注意事項 :
  • 許多網站在設計SEO策略時,往往忽略了對不良社群的識別與防範,導致高質量內容因為外部連結受到影響。
  • 部分網站管理者缺乏對網路生態的全面了解,容易被表象吸引,而無法深入分析連結來源的品質和風險。
  • 在追求快速流量增長的過程中,有些網站可能會選擇接受來自不良社群的連結,最終卻損害了自身品牌形象和信譽。
• 大環境可能影響:
  • 不良社群透過操控連結建設,不僅會影響特定網站的SEO排名,更可能對整個網絡生態造成負面影響,使得用戶信任度下降。
  • 這類社群常利用欺騙手段吸引流量,一旦大規模蔓延,將使得優質內容淹沒於低質信息之中,使競爭環境變得更加惡劣。
  • 隨著搜尋引擎演算法的不斷更新,不良社群帶來的連結風險也愈加難以預測,一旦被搜尋引擎判定為違規行為,將導致長期性的流量損失。

「不良社群」通常有著以下特徵：

**不良社群的特徵：**
－

摘要

選購最佳常溫彌月禮盒是一門藝術也是科學。本文透明解析如何在眾多選項中找到符合你期望和需求的最佳組合，幫助你成為聰明又體貼的送禮高手。 歸納要點:

• 常溫彌月禮盒的挑選要點:考量食品安全、口味多樣性及包裝的創意與美觀。
• 預算範圍的考量:根據實際經濟能力選擇,無需過度追求昂貴禮盒,重質不重價。
• 常見問題回答:保鮮期通常為1-3個月,視產品而定;食用方法依商品指示,部分可直接享用或需簡單處理。
• 客製化與獨特性:約有75%消費者偏好具有個人化元素的禮盒,展現送禮人的用心(來源:市場調查數據)。

透過精心挑選常溫彌月禮盒，不僅能展現對新生兒及家庭的祝福，更能在眾多送禮者中脫穎而出。關鍵在於平衡美觀、實用與個性化因素，在預算允許下做出最佳抉擇。

常溫彌月禮盒的挑選要點

選購常溫彌月禮盒，首要關鍵在於

In today’s tech-driven world, we’re surrounded by electronic devices, from smartphones and headphones to smartwatches and fitness trackers. Many of these devices have IP ratings, which indicate their level of protection against dust and water. But what do these ratings actually mean? Are numbers or letters better? Are larger numbers better or smaller numbers better?

In this article, we will walk through the concept of IP rating, explaining their different levels to help you make informed purchasing decisions.

Understanding IP Rating Format

IP ratings stands for Ingress Protection. They are standardized codes defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) to classify the degree of protection provided by enclosures for electrical equipment against foreign objects (dust) and moisture (water).

These ratings are represented by two digits:

• The first digit (IPX) indicates the level of dust protection. A higher number signifies greater protection.

• The second digit (X or 0-9) indicates the level of moisture protection. A higher number signifies greater protection.

Against prolonged submersion in water

IPX Ratings: A Special Case

In addition to the two-digit IP ratings, there are also IPX ratings. These ratings indicate protection against dust only, with no moisture protection.

For instance, an IPX5 rating means the device is protected against dust penetration but not water.

Interpreting IP Ratings: Examples

Let’s break down a few common IP ratings to understand their meaning:

• IPX4: This rating indicates protection against splashing water from any direction. It’s suitable for devices like splash-proof headphones or speakers.
• IP67: This rating signifies protection against dust penetration and immersion in water up to 1 meter for 30 minutes. It’s common for smartphones and fitness trackers.
• IP68: This rating represents the highest level of dust protection and immersion in water up to 2 meters for 30
  Read More
  By

According to Sky Italia, Napoli have made an initial approach to Marseille over the possible signing of central midfielder Mario Lemina.

Juventus are also extremely interested in the player. Lemina could well be a late mover during this summer transfer window.

Click Here: Stone Island Coat

Time to read: 5 min

When designing mechanical assemblies, it’s likely that they’ll require fasteners for assembly. Fasteners like screws and bolts are commonly used to secure mating components, and they usually require some type of hole for assembly. There are many types of holes to use to install fasteners such as countersunk, counterbore, tapped, tapered, spot faced, and screw clearance. 

Now, let’s look at the definition of tapping vs threading, decode the proper use of the terms, and find out which is the correct terminology: threaded holes vs tapped holes.

What is Tapping?

Tapping is the process of creating threads inside of a hole for the installation of a screw or bolt — so a tapped hole is just a hole that is internally threaded. The tapping process starts with drilling a hole that is typically slightly smaller in diameter than the major diameter of the threaded fastener you will use. Here’s the equation for determining the size of the tap to use for ANSI threads:

Drill Size = major thread diameter   –  

1
# threads per incn

  +  

0.005″ for pitch greater than 10
0.000″ otherwise

The next largest drill size beyond the calculated diameter should be chosen to tap the hole. So, if you calculate a drill diameter of 0.720”, you choose the next largest tap diameter of 0.750”. 

After the hole is drilled, you form the threads on the inside diameter of the hole using a tap. Taps look similar to drill bits, and there are a few different types of taps: hand taps, power taps, tapered taps, extension taps, and exotic taps. All taps are marked with a standard designation that includes the following information: 

The nominal size is the thread concentration, while the thread form designation identifies the thread family the threads belong to (i.e. ACME, UNC, UNF, UNJ, UNS). The material tap is constructed from is typically a tough material like carbide, and the pitch diameter tolerance gives an alpha-numerical code that designates the tolerance for the thread. 

Here are some tips for defining a tapped hole and determining which type of tap to use:

1. Hand taps do not typically offer the precision or ease that CNC taps do. Choose CNC tapping over hand tapping when possible.
2. For blind holes, a bottoming tap is ideal, but you may want to start with a taper tap and then move to a bottoming tap to get better thread definition. (Side note: a bottoming taper is unique because it threads almost all the way down, which results in only 1-2 threads tapered at the bottom. This is useful for blind holes because you get better thread engagement.) 
3. Avoid using spiral point taps when CNC machining blind tapped holes, as the chips tend to get pushed down and remain in the blind hole. If the chips are not cleaned out well enough, they can cause issues with assembly. Opt for spiral flute taps or interrupted thread taps for blind holes. 
4. Thread forming taps, where chipless compression tapping occurs, provide greater thread strength and a longer thread lifespan due to decreased potential of thread breakage. Thread forming taps also require a larger tap drill diameter, so see Machinery’s Handbook for further details and calculations. 
5. You may have seen the term ‘clearance hole’ used as a common type of threaded or tapped hole. However, most clearance holes are not tapped — they are intended for installation of a nut on the free end to clamp the materials together. A clearance hole is too small for the head of the fastener to fit through, but large enough for the threaded portion of the fastener to fit and engage with the internal threads. 

What is Threading?

While tapping is the process of creating internal threads within a hole, threading is the process of creating external threads on the cylindrical body of a screw, bolt or other part to be assembled (like pipes). When referring to an installation location for a threaded fastener, you may use the term threaded hole or tapped hole but remember that a fastener is threaded, not tapped. 

Threading on a screw or bolt begins at the point of engagement of the fastener and continues through the body to the shank, or unthreaded portion, of the fastener. See the image at the beginning of this article for a more detailed refresher on threaded fastener terminology. 

Threaded fasteners have been around for decades and provide a novel method of force transformation to secure two or more components together in an assembly. Screws, in particular, have been the subject of many mathematical and geometric studies in the past because they act as simple machines that transfer rotational forces, or torque, into a simple linear force. One way to understand this is using the concept of the Archimedes screw — where a rising level of water turns a turbine connected to an electrical generator to generate power from a water source (the Archimedes screw acts as a power displacement pump). 
Pro-Tip: If you’re tasked with designing a threaded fastener from scratch, advocate for an off-the-shelf solution instead. Otherwise, use threading calculations and fastener calculations to help with your design.

Takeaways

• A tapped hole is simply a threaded hole, and tapping is the process of creating internal threads within the internal sides of a hole. 
• The difference between a threaded hole and a tapped hole: tapped holes are just another term for a threaded holes, and a tap is used to create threads in the hole. 
• A drilled hole is just the result of removal of a cylindrical volume of material, with smooth internal walls. A tapped hole is a cylindrical hole with internal threads. 

For all your custom CNC part manufacturing needs, Fictiv has you covered. We’re experts at machining any size of tapped holes in a variety of materials, and we simplify custom part sourcing with intelligent, streamlined, automated workflows. Fictiv is your operating system for custom manufacturing that makes part procurement faster, easier, and more efficient. 

In other words, Fictiv lets engineers, like you, engineer.

Create an account and upload your part to see what our instant quote process, design for manufacturability feedback, and intelligent platform can do for you. Our CNC machining service can create your parts in as little as 2 days! 

Eco-Friendly alternative to factory chlorine production allows you to make your own ‘locally sourced and organic’ chlorine, on-site.

Here’s how it works: The slightly salty water passes through a salt chlorine generator; a stack of electrically charged metal plates converts the salt into chlorine, using electrolysis. After the chlorine molecule does it’s work, it reverts back to the original components of just salt and water, where the process starts again.

Today’s saltwater generators use sensors to monitor chlorine levels, salt levels, water temperature and water flow, and are completely computer controlled with easy to use digital interfaces. Mount the control box, plumb in the salt cell, and pour in the pool salt!

If your family is considering making the switch from a chlorine pool to an eco-friendly saltwater pool, keep reading to learn more:

Salt Chlorinators

Maintenance: Saltwater pools require weekly maintenance that includes monitoring salt concentration, pH and chlorine levels. The salt cell is a set of stacked metal plates that creates the chlorine.

Saltwater pool owners will not usually have to add chlorine to the pool, and saltwater generators are self-regulating, so there is often no need to shock the pool to remove chloramines. Salt pools may need to add small amounts of pool salt each year, to replace salt lost to backwashing, splash-out or winterization.

Salt cells only function when the filter pump is operating, so if you have pump or filter problems, you may need to use bleach, pool shock or tablets, until repairs are made. Salt pools may also use pool shock for spring openings, for algae treatment or stain removal.

And, salt cells don’t work well in cold water – below 60°, you’ll need other forms of chlorine. Specifically, at water temperatures below 60 degrees, conductivity of the salt is severely hampered. This causes the salt cell to work much harder to produce chlorine, which can shorten the lifespan of your salt cell. 

Many salt chlorinators have a temperature sensor, which automatically reduces chlorine production when temperatures drop below 60 degrees, and stops production altogether when water temps reach 50 degrees. Other units have a Winter Mode, which is manually activated, to reduce production to around 20%. These are designed to protect the salt cell, to keep it from working too hard, which again, will shorten the lifespan of the expensive-to-replace salt cell.

Both chlorine and saltwater pools require the same chemical management, and still require balanced pool water; with proper Alkalinity, pH, Calcium Hardness, and chlorine Stabilizer levels. And even though a salt chlorinator monitors salt and chlorine levels, it’s a good idea to cross-check with your own test kit. Salt levels can be tested with salt test strips.

Salt cells generally last 3-5 years before needing replacement. Salt cells last longer when they are oversized and under-worked, and cleaned regularly.

Cleanliness: Salt chlorine instantly kills harmful bacteria when it’s introduced into pool water, converting to hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ions that destroy contaminants in a matter of seconds.

The chlorine created by a salt chlorine generator is exactly the same as the chlorine released from tablets, shock or bleach. The disinfectant ability is equal as well, between salt chlorine and tablet chlorine.

I’ve heard it said that algae won’t grow in a salt pool, but that’s just not true, algae is a very adaptable species, and can grow in any type of pool when conditions are right. Salt pools that develop algae should begin a regular algaecide treatment, after shocking the pool appropriately.

Health: Exposure to chlorine chemicals can dry out the skin and hair and can give swimmers itchy, irritable skin. Saltwater pools avoid peaks and valleys in chlorination, reducing chloramine formation, which causes red eyes, skin and at times, lung irritation.

Chlorine chemicals need to be handled with care. Transporting, storing and using chlorine products can be hazardous, on many levels. Have you ever read the Precautionary Statements on a chlorine bucket? Chlorine products can be dangerous.

Although saltwater pools are not chlorine-free, many swimmers find that the water quality of saltwater pools to be more pleasant. This is because the slightly salty water is softer, although you won’t taste it, and it won’t burn your eyes like the ocean.

Expense. No matter which delivery system you choose, chlorine isn’t free. Pool saltwater systems will initially cost more up-front to buy/install, but over time – the costs of chlorinating with a salt generator vs. tablet and shock chlorine is about the same.

I’d be remiss to not mention that salt water splash-out or drag-off can potentially damage certain types of very soft flagstone or travertine stonework. Sealing a stone pool deck or coping regularly will prevent damage and chalking from evaporated salt.

Pool decks of concrete, pavers or bricks however, are more resistant to salt from pool splash out and usually stand-up well without regular sealing or rinsing of the deck, especially in areas with regular rainfall.

Salt Chlorine Generator; Good Fit for Your Family?

The cost of installing a saltwater pool is higher than a traditional chlorine pool; however many consider swimming comfort and not having to store and handle (much) chlorine, as worth the additional expense.

You may still need to use some chlorine – if your salt system (or pump or filter) goes on the fritz, or for spring opening, or if you use the pool with cold water temperatures under 65° F. You can use tablets, granular or liquid chlorine, during these times, as needed.

Busy families will not have to worry as much about pool chlorine with a saltwater generator, which requires very little intervention.

A Salt Pool is a Chlorine Pool!

Saltwater systems make chlorine, the exact same chlorine that is released from pool chlorine products. In a saltwater pool, when H2O + NaOCl are run through the salt cell, the electric charge breaks apart molecules to create chlorine (Cl) and a few other byproducts, which are generally reabsorbed. The chlorine that is instantly created, hypochlorous acid, is the same exact chlorine that is released from chlorine tablets, liquid chlorine, or granular chlorine.

Saltwater Pools do have Benefits

• You can’t taste the salt, but it can make the water feel softer
• Less storage and handling of hazardous chlorine products
• Breakpoint chlorination inside the cell reduces chloramines constantly
• Easily raise or lower chlorine levels, and view status on digital display

Saltwater Pools are not Maintenance Free Pools

• You still have to monitor the system, and test for salt, chlorine and stabilizer levels
• You still have to maintain good water balance; saltwater pool pH and Alkalinity rises rapidly
• Salt cells need cleaning to remove scale, although some systems do it automatically
• Salt cells last about 5 yrs; salt system parts like boards, sensors and switches may last longer

You may Still Need to Use Chlorine Products

• To raise chlorine level very fast for shock treatments
• To maintain chlorine level during pump, filter or salt system equipment problems
• To clear the water during opening or closing the pool, or for treating various water problems

Saltwater can attack Soft & Shiny Surfaces

• Galvanic corrosion can oxidize chrome surfaces in the pool, although sacrificial anodes can be used
• Salt residue can slowly corrode soft coping stones or stone decks, although sealers can be used

Although I’m known to preach the benefits of In The Swim chlorine, the use of a saltwater pool system is a perfectly logical alternative for pool disinfection.

近日，辣妈杨幂出现在上海虹桥机场，被粉丝们发现围了个水泄不通，辣妈杨幂一身休闲运动混搭，星星裙子+白色低胸衫，让人不由得被傲人的胸围所吸引，外加蓝色休闲运动外套也挡不住诱惑，真没想到成为辣妈后的杨幂竟会变得如此丰满，加上一身蛮有品味的时尚休闲运动混搭，肩背香奈儿2015早秋巴黎-萨尔茨堡高级手工坊系列刚出炉的双肩包，新潮又性感。

杨幂街场街拍穿低胸衫又秀傲人胸围

杨幂往日街拍

杨幂往日街拍

杨幂往日街拍

杨幂往日街拍

Are you wondering how to choose the right technology to build a business solution for your company? Symfony has been used to create many amazing solutions for enterprises from various industries. Find out which popular companies use this framework in their projects.

Symfony in business projects

Symfony is an open-source technology. In practice, this means that there’s a huge community around it that develops the software and supports each other in overcoming the challenges of programming in the PHP language. This framework is well-documented and used by many popular brands.

Advantages of using Symfony

Why Symfony and not some other framework will be appropriate for your project?

1. The layered architecture (MVC) makes programming and managing the application convenient and simple. Introducing changes in one place doesn’t require you to modify large chunks of code. Making changes in the part visible to the Internet user is much cheaper and easier, thanks to the fact that the view layer is separated from the model layer.
2. Symfony allows you to create entire applications or only specific elements, making it an ideal technology for both those who want to create a solution from scratch, and those who want to add specific functionalities to the existing code.
3. Symfony includes built-in tools for testing the application being created. You can then build a solution that is in accordance with the goals of Test-Driven Development. Thanks to this, the process of creating business solutions is efficient.
4. The users of this PHP framework can benefit from the help and support of the large community developing Symfony.
5. It’s a flexible framework enabling the creation of personalised solutions. The numerous components make it possible to adapt a website or application to the specific expectations of the user. They can be easily integrated with other platforms.

Which industries can benefit from using this PHP framework?

Research shows that Symfony is most often used to create solutions for clients in the healthcare sector (the data show that they make up as much as 23% of the companies using Symfony) and IT. The framework is also appreciated in e-commerce, because it enables easy and quick development of sales platforms, integration with social media and implementation of various payment methods.

The biggest famous brands around the world use Symfony for their projects. Some use PHP and this popular framework to create websites that are engaging for users, others build advanced applications and tools that improve the daily work of the company. Corporations use Symfony to add new functionalities to their solutions. Facebook is among the most well-known companies using Symfony. API of the Facebook Ads application and the Instant Articles SDK technology are built with Symfony components. Thanks to Symfony, effective tools for marketing automation (e.g. Mautic), CMS and CRM systems used by most companies every day, as well as other tools facilitating the management of the company and its resources were also created.

Spotify

In 2015, the Spotify brand published on its official profile, concerning the use of technology and product development, a tweet confirming that it was using Symfony. Spotify uses Symfony to manage its users’ accounts – the statistics show that the streaming platform had as many as 286 million active users in 2020.

Blablacar

PHP frameworks are used relatively often to create booking applications. Symfony was used to build the BlablaCar platform, enabling joint travel by private cars and sharing the travel costs, which is extremely popular in Poland. This example shows that Symfony is in fact regarded as a full-stack framework as the brand uses it for both the frontend and backend of the website and mobile application. The Blablacar website had over 87 million registered users in 2020. The brand has a website using the local domain in every country it operates in.

Trivago

Another Symfony-based booking application that serves millions of users, allowing for comparing hotel accommodation prices, is owned by the Trivago company. Symfony allows for providing Internet users with the best user experience when they search and compare offers, by creating numerous functionalities on the page. The page is integrated with many websites and enables advanced filtering of offers. Trivago also has a technical blog with articles about working with Symfony.

Dailymotion

Like Spotify, Dailymotion is a streaming service, only it offers access to videos instead of music. It’s one of the most well-known websites of this type, visited by millions of users every day. The Dailymotion company created its website in PHP, and after a few years they decided to abandon the framework they created in favour of Symfony.

Why did Dailymotion choose Symfony? The team decided to switch to the open source Symfony framework in order to focus more on business development, instead of time-consuming work on developing its framework (adding new functionalities, creating the documentation, and carrying out comprehensive training courses for team members). As adding new functionalities is the daily routine of Dailymotion developers, the company decided to choose Symfony, which is known for making them easier to create thanks to its components.

Why should your company consider using PHP and Symfony?

Symfony is a technology chosen by well-known companies around the world to implement projects of various types. You can use this PHP framework to develop your existing solutions or build them from scratch. It’ll allow you to create a high-quality engaging website for your clients, regardless of whether you represent the B2C or B2B sector. Symfony is great irrespective of what industry you represent – its flexibility allows you to create solutions tailored to the individual needs of the company.

If you want to learn more about Symfony development services, check out our website. You can also read more about PHP development services and other technologies that you can use in your next project.